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The capital of Azerbaijan, a former Soviet republic in the Caucasus bordered by the Russian Federation, Georgia and Iran, Baku is situated in the Absheron Peninsula on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Together with Georgia and Armenia, Azerbaijan forms a region known as Transcaucasia, and due to its geographical position it was an important stopover on the Silk Road.

Influenced throughout its history by the Shirvan-Shahs, the Mongols, Peter the Great and Persia, Baku reflects elements of this rich heritage within the walls of the old town or fortress of Icheri-Shekher. This picturesque section of Baku includes the Maiden's Tower, Shirvan-Shah's Palace and the 11th-century Synyk-Kala Minaret and Mosque, while around the fortress architectural styles range from Moresque, Gothic and baroque to the present day.

The political, economic and cultural centre of Azerbaijan, Baku's economy is based on the oil industry, with oil and gas fields outside the city. The Ateshgah fire-worshippers' temple in Surakhany (15 kilometres from Baku) was built on a site saturated with natural gas, causing flames to spontaneously erupt from the ground. These flaming torches were believed to have miraculous, divine power and the people used to worship them.

Gobustan
A history and art preserve containing rock carvings which date from the Stone Age up to the Middle Ages. Some 4000 petroglyphs were discovered, recording the lives of early civilisations, and also some inscriptions made by Roman soldiers and Arabic traders.

Atashgah Temple
The fire worshippers' temple in the village of Surakhany is a religious complex dating from the 17th century, with a mixture of Indian and Azeri-style architecture. The shrine has an eternal fire in the middle of the floor and on all the four corners of the roof, fed by natural gas conducted through stone pipes.

Dendropark
The botanical gardens of the Academy of Science can be found in Dendropark.

Yanar Dag (Flaming Rock)
This rocky slope is covered with flaming torches of escaping methane, which have been burning, it is thought, since the time of Alexander the Great. When you see the flaming hillside at night, you will remember it always.

Mashtaga
Mashtaga is a subtropical state farm producing fresh figs, almonds, pomegranates, apples, olives and various nuts, which can be purchased.

Shirvan-Shah's Palace (15th to 16th century)
Situated in the old city of Baku and built when the Shah's capital moved from Shemakha to Baku. It consists of the palace itself, divan-hana (where ceremonial receptions and state assemblies were held), the tomb of a court astronomer, the Shah's family tomb, the mosque, the palace baths and a Turkish bathhouse, and an underground water reservoir. Within the ancient fortress walls are the Bukhara caravanserai (15th century) and the Multani caravanserai (14th century) where merchants stayed while travelling the Silk Road.

Open: Monday to Friday - 9:00 am to 6:00 pm

Gyz Galassy (Maiden's Tower, 5th to 6th century)
This cylindrical tower, 90 foot tall and erected on coastal rock, still stands as it did more than 1000 years ago.

Museum of Carpets and Folk Crafts
Formerly the Lenin Museum, this museum is an excellent way to experience the carpet designs of the surrounding regions. Azerbaijan also has a long history of carpet weaving and is world-famous for its original designs, some of which can be found in the world's greatest museums, like the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris.

Open: Monday to Friday - 11:30 am to 6:00 pm

The National Literature Museum
The National Literature Museum pays special tribute to Nizami, who lived in the 12th century and wrote the famous poem, The Seven Beauties. The poem is represented in miniature porcelain statues.

Open: Monday to Friday - 11:30 am to 4:30 pm

The Cesme Doll Museum
The Cesme Doll Museum displays a collection of dolls wearing the intricate traditional costumes of historical Azeri people. All the dolls are handmade by the owner of the museum.

Kuba
This is the city of apple orchards, located on the north-east slope of the Great Caucasus at a height of 2000 feet, and famous for its carpets and large bazaar. A fire worshippers' temple is located close to Kuba, and behind it lies the Canyon of Tengy with a maximum depth of 250 metres. Close to the canyon, at Afurdyi, is a 30-metre waterfall.

Shemakha
Lying at 2600 feet, Shemakha is one of the most ancient trading cities. In winter, Azeris go there to ski. The city has a small museum and is well known for the Shirvan agricultural farm where one can taste the famous local wines and brandy. An astrophysical observatory lies close to Shemakha, with the largest mirror telescope in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Historical Architectural Reserve - Lagich Settlement
The settlement was built in the 4th and 5th centuries and is now a handicraft centre with copper crockery and utensils, Caucasian daggers, jewellery, tanning, engraving, tailoring, handmade carpets and pottery. The peculiar architecture is interesting and includes ancient mosques and bathhouses, a medical water supply and sewerage system.

Sheki
One of the oldest and biggest cities in Azerbaijan, Sheki contains the summer palace of the Sheki Kahns, which is now a museum lying within the fortress. There are also medieval stone houses with tiled roofs, high verandas and courtyards.

Zakataly
A green town with a rose nursery and a large nut-processing factory.

Lencoran
This city is in the extreme south of the republic, with citrus fruits, cotton and tea and a big nature reserve. Lencoran is where the old Russian leaders used to go for relaxation and thermal mineral springs can be found nearby.